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~ ., f 

2003). 


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politique (Paris: Kime, 1997), 


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1980). 


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cr 1 -^ 


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Flammarion, 1981. 2 t. 


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(jV i l la ~>- * - ^ ^L*j <oLw>)) UjLxpL 

(monarque) Jj»UJ! ^ ibL~Jl JJL> <5 y*«j -kai j jj£ M ikiJ 
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<»LS JL^o » kill c k-aJLSCJl ftJlA J^>*i (nation- republique) (Sjjj^aJl 
laJ>- is j_£i Jl t jj.-* Ju J_>- ,k ‘ S JJ^" 

<■ ,/jj J* j^i y J5Lia 

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f I j»UaJl L I 4*3 ^y**i*y ^JlJl s ^ c^** k~*j 

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£?V 


Balibar, Etienne. La philosophie de Marx (1993). 2 e ed. Paris: La 
Decouverte, 2001. (Reperes) 

Hegel, Georg W. F. Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (1820). 
Trad. fr. J.-F. Kervegan. Principes de la philosophie du droit 
(1998). reed. Paris: PUF, 2003. (Quadrige) 

Kervegan, Jean-Fran^ois. Hegel, Carl Schmitt. Le politique entre 
speculation et positivite. Paris: PUF, 1992. 

Lefebvre, Jean-Pierre et Pierre Macherey. Hegel et la societe 
(1984). T ed. Paris: PUF, 1987. (Philosophies) 


.2 J^aiJI c-.LSOl IJu y. jlill - all Jii\ (9) 


131 



Marx, Karl. Critique du droit politique hegelien (1843a). Trad. fr. 
A. Baraquin. Paris: Editions sociales, 1975. 

. Manuscrits economico-philosophiques de 1844 (1844). 

Trad. fr. F. Fischbach. Paris: Vrin, 2007. 

-. La question juive (1843b). Trad. fr. M. Rubel. dans: 
Philosophie. Paris: Gallimard, 1982. Reed. Paris: Gallimard. 
(Folio-Essais). pp. 47-88. 

— et Friedrich Engels. L’ideologie allemande (Premiere partie: 

Feurbach) (1845). Trad. fr. R. Cartelle et G. Badia. Paris: 
Editions sociales, 1966. 

Renault, Emmanuel. Marx et I’idee de critique. Paris: PUF, 1995. 
(Philosophie) 

Weil, Eric. Hegel et I’etat (1950). 6 e ed. Paris: Vrin, 1985. 


132 








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. * / 3 




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Bougie, Celestin. Le solidarisme. Paris: Armand Colin, 1907. 

Bourgeois, Leon (1851-1927). Essai d’une philosophic de la 
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Castel, Robert. Les metamorphoses de la question sociale. Paris: 
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Duguit, Leon. Le droit social, le droit individuel et les transforma- 
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— . L’etat, le droit objectif et la loi positive. 1901. 

. L’etat, les gouvernants et les agents. 1902. 

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(Quadrige) 

Ewald, Francois. L’etat - Providence. Paris: Grasset, 1986. 

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- — - — . La societe en personnes. Etudes durkheimiennes. Paris: 
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Lacroix, Bernard. Durkheim et le politique. Paris: Presses de la 
fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1981. 

Macherey, Pierre. «Aux sources des «rapports sociaux»: Bonald, 
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. «Le positivisme entre la revolution et la contre-revolution: 

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mars 1991. pp. 41-47. 

Mauss, Marcel. «Division concrete de la sociologie» (1927). Essais 
sociologiques. Paris: Seuil, 1971. (Points) 


216 



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Castoriadis, Cornelius. La socle te bureaucratique. Paris: UGE, 
1973. (10/18) 

Colliot-Thelene, Catherine. Le desenchantement de I’etat de Hegel a 
Max weber. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1992. 

Foucault, Michel. Naissance de la biopolitique. Cours au College de 
France 1978-1979. Paris: Gallimard, 2004. (Hautes etudes) 

Kollontai, Alexandra. L’opposition ouvriere (1921). Trad. fr. dans: 
Socialisme ou barbarie : no. 35, janvier-mars 1964. 


244 



Lefort, Claude. Elements d’une critique de la bureaucratic. Geneve: 
Droz, 1971. 

Lenine, Vladimir Illitch. La catastrophe imminente et les moyens de 
la conjuger. Oeuvres. Paris: Ed. de Moscou, 1917. T. 25. pp. 
347-397. 

. L’imperialisme stade supreme du capitalisme (Essai de 

vulgarisation) . Oeuvres. Paris: Ed. de Moscou, 1917. T. 22. 
Reed. Pantin: Le temps des cerises, 2001. 

Marx, Karl. Le dix -huit Brumaire de Louis Bonaparte (1852). 
Trad. fr. G. Cornillet. Paris; Editions sociales, 1984. Reimp. 
1992. 

— . La guerre civile en France (1871). Trad. fr. Paris: Editions 
sociales, 1975. 

— . Les luttes de classes en France (1850). Trad. fr. G. 

Cornillet. Paris: Editions sociales, 1986. 

Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty (1859). Trad. fr. F. Pataut. De la 
liber te. Paris: Presses Pocket, 1990. 

Rizzi, Bruno. La bureaucratisation du monde (1939). Paris: Champ 
libre, 1977. 

Weber, Max. L’ethique protestante et I’esprit du capitalisme (1904- 
1905). Trad. fr. Isabelle Kalinowski. Paris: Flammarion, 
2000. (Champs) 

. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (1909-1920). Trad. fr. Econo- 
mic et societe. Paris: Plon, 1977. Reed. Paris: Presses Pocket, 
1995. 2 Tomes. 

. Wissenschaft als Beruf. Politik als Beruf (1919). Trad. fr. 

J. Freund. Le savant et la politique. Paris: Plon, 1959. Reed. 
Paris: UGE, 1963. 


245 









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C^'j 4 


Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951). 2 e ed. 
augm., 1958. Trad. fr. J.-L. Bourget, R. Davreu, P. Levy. Les 
origines du totalitarisme. T. Ill: Le systeme totalitaire (1951/ 
1958 III). Paris: Gallimard, 1995. (Idees) 

Aron, Raymond. Democralie el totalitarisme. Paris: Gallimard, 
1965. (Idees) 

. Penser la guerre, Clausewitz , T. II: L’age planetaire. Paris: 

Gallimard, 1976. (Bibliotheque des sciences humaines) 

Balibar, Etienne. «Le Hobbes de Schmitt, le Schmitt de Hobbes». 
Preface a Carl Schmitt. Le Leviathan dans la doctrine de 
Thomas Hobbes. Sens et echec dun symbole politique (1939). 
Paris: Seuil, 2002. (L’ordre philosophique) 

Clauzewitz, Carl von. De la guerre. Trad. fr. L. Murawiek. Paris: 
Perrin, 1999. 

Deleuze, Gilles et Felix Guattari, Mille plateaux. Paris: Minuit, 
1980. 


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Gauchet, Marcel. «L’experience totalitaire et la pensee de la 
politique.» Esprit: Juillet-aout 1976. 

Kervegan, Jean- Francis. Hegel, Carl Schmitt. Le politique entre 
speculation et positivite. Paris: PUF, 1992. Reed. 2005. 
(Quadrige) 

Lefort, Claude. L'invention democratique. Paris: Livre de Poche, 
1981. (Biblio-Essais) 

Ludendorff, Erich von. La guerre totale (1935). Trad. fr. Paris: 
Flammarion, 1937. 

Reich, Wilhelm. La psychologie de masse du fascisme (1933). Trad, 
fr. Paris: Payot, 1998. 

Schmitt, Carl. Der Begriff des Politichen (1932). Trad, fr. M.-L. 
Steinhauser. La notion de politique. Paris: Calmann-Levy, 
1972. Reed. Flammarion, 1992. (Champs) 

. Staat-Bewegung-Volk: Die Dreigliederung der politischen 

Einheit (1933b). Trad. fr. A. Pilleul. Etat, mouvement, peuple, 
L’ organisation triadique de I’unite politique. Paris: Kime, 1997. 

. Theologie politique (1922). Trad. fr. J.-J. Schlegel. Paris: 

Gallimard, 1988. (Bibliotheque des sciences humaines) 

. «Weiterentwicklung des totalen staates in Deutschland. » 

(1933a). dans: Verfassungsrechtliche Aufsdtze aus den Jahren 
1924-1954. Materialien zu einer Verfassungslehre. Berlin: 
Dunker & Humblot, 1958. Reed. 2003. pp. 359-365. 

Seglard, Dominique. «Presentation.» dans: Carl Schmitt. Les trois 
types de pensee juridique. Trad. fr. M. Koller, D. Seglard. 
Paris: PUF, 1995. (Droit, ethique, societe). pp. 7-66. 




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305 





Althusser, Louis. «Ideologie et appareils ideologiques d’etat» 
(1970). Reed, dans: Sur la reproduction. Paris: PUF, 1995. 
(Actuel Marx) 

Balibar, Etienne. «Communisme et citoyennete. Reflexions sur la 
politique a la fin du XXe siecle» (1999). Actuel Marx', no. 44. 
«Fin du neoliberalisme». Paris: PUF, 2006. 

. La philosophic de Marx (1993). 2 ed. Paris: La 

Decouverte, 2001. (Reperes) 

Bensussan, Gerard et Georges Labica (dirs.). Dictionnaire critique 
du marxisme (1982). 2 ed. Paris: PUF, 1985. 

Bidet, Jacques et Eustache Kouvelakis. Dictionnaire Marx 
contemporain. Paris: PUF, 2001. (Actuel Marx) 

Engels, Friedrich. Les origines de la propriete privee, de la famille et 
de Vetat. Trad. fr. Paris: Editions sociales, 1974. 

Foucault, Michel. Histoire de la sexualite. I: La volonte de savoir 
(1976). Paris: Gallimard, 1994. (Tel) 

. Surveiller et punir (1975). Paris: Gallimard, 1993. (Tel) 

Legrand, Stephane. Les normes chez Foucault. Paris: PUF, 2007. 
(Pratiques theoriques) 

Lenine, Vladimir Illitch. L’etat et la revolution (1919). Trad. fr. 
Paris; Moscou: Editions sociales; Editions du Progres, 1976. 

. L ’imperialisme stade supreme du capitalisme ( Essai de 

vulgarisation) (1917). Trad. fr. Oeuvres. Paris: Ed. de 
Moscou, [s. d.]. T. 22. Reed. Pantin: Le temps des cerises, 
2001. 

. Que faire? (1902). Trad. fr. Paris; Moscou: Editions 

sociales; Editions du Progres, 1966. Reed. Paris: Editions 
sciences marxiste, 2004. 

Marx, Karl. Critique du programme de Gotha (1875). dans: Critique 
des programmes de Gotha et d’Erfurt. Trad. fr. Paris: Editions 
sociales, 1972. 

. Le dix-huit Brumaire de Louis Bonaparte (1852). Trad. fr. 


306 



G. Cornillet. Paris: Messidor- Editions sociales, 1992. 

. La guerre civile en France (1871). Trad. fr. Paris: Paris: 

Editions sociales, 1975. 

. Les luttes de classes en France (1850). Trad. fr. G. 

Cornillet. Paris: Editions sociales, 1986. 

Poulantzas, Nicos. L’etat, le pouvoir, le socialisme. Paris: PUF, 
1978. (Politiques) 

. Pouvoir politique et classes sociales de I’etat capitaliste. 

Paris: Maspero, 1968. 





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Patrice Can nivez, : pjhjU^I aJ^I ^^Soiil ^ tJu-LlI IJla £~- yJl Lj^Uj (1) 
Quest-ce que la nation? chemins philosophiques (Paris: Vrin, 2004), Jurgen 
Habermas, Die Postnationale Konstellation Politische Essays (Suhrkamp: 
Francfort, 1998), 

>lpre.s Vetat- nation , une nouvelle : ot c*-^ t Ji Ly >>■ ^>- Aij 

constellation politique (Paris: Fayard, 2000), et Etienne Balibar: Les frontier es de la 
democratic (Paris: La Decouverte, 1992), et Droit de cite , quadrige (Paris; PUF, 
2002). 


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325 



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compromis 


dispersion atomistique 

f- * *• •*■&** 

•* 

diagnostic 

* & - 

formation sociale 

4*pLis-1 iLSCi; 
** * »♦ 

reification 

& ** 
4* 

typologie 

4 4 ** 

♦+ 

conception regalienne 


solidarity organique 


solidariste 


excroissance aberrante 


developpement inegal 


catechisme 


cooperation 

jjU: 

heureuse expression 



327 



pluralisme parlementaire 

•* ^ 

arbitraire du prince 


inanite 

4jbUj 

explication 

♦ ^ 

pauperisation 

4* * ** 

mandat 


mandat imperatif 

f 

vissicitudes historiques 

j Lj OjLJjJj 

*1 4 

technique assurantielle 

t- 

** * l» ** . 

L> 

technique transactionnelle 

•* 4* 

recurrent 


receptivite universelle 

' o' 

identification 

oLqJ 

iO 

representations religieuses 

1* ** 

representations pratiques 

M 

contradictions immanentes 


theorisation originate 


auto organisation 


reglementaire 

L> - 

uniformisation 

-Jfr, ^ ^ 

communication 


tripartition 


prevision 


rabougrissement 



328 



bildung (ger) 

(ajufti) x-iua 

* 

triadique 


bipolarite 

** * *• 

revolutionnaires professionnels 


corpuscules 


commune 

4 

collectiviste 

— 

socialisation 

** 

* 

association/ congregation 

4* 

*4 * 

socialisation primaire 

<LJ $1 

44 S 44 * 

massification 

'oj^r 

republique sociale 


republique parlementaire 


republique solidariste 

“ ♦ 1 • « ~ 

organe gouvernement 

44 

fonctionnariat 


interiorite 

aJ|_^ 

substantialiste 


geo-politique 

44 

etat de nature 

4juJall iJU- 

affectivite 


terme 

JL_^ 

modernite 

£|jb- 

guerre d’aneantissement 

eJ iy\ «-» 


329 



guerre limitee 


mobilite 

(lil j>-) j?- 

denaturalisation 

{^\a 

liberte subjective 


partie de masse 


parti - etat 

^ J * - 

foule 

J*L>- 

exclusif 


omni presence 


droit de conquete 


droit divin 

<_^i 

♦* 

droit politique 


droit naturel 


droit civil 

M- 

droit de regard 

U\jJ\ 

droit tutelaire 


droit positif 

J 5 - 

** 

droits formels 

(j ^Js>- 

arbitre transcendant 

tJijcu 

gouvernement spirituel 

4* >jj 4-4 ^>o- 

sainte alliance 

C_jLL>- 

cercle vicieux 

♦♦ 1 • m* 4* 1 

4^_P 4AX&- 

nostalgie passeiste 


exogene 



330 



ethicite 

1 \s>- 

~ ~ e- « 

naturalite 

♦* 

particularismes collectifs 


petition de principe 

^ Ua>- 

syn these 


litiges 


cellule autarcique 

*• ** 1 * ^ I • 

4jUaJU 

particulars 


intrinseque 

•f 

constitution 


la convention 


socle doctrinal 

ialPO 

♦ 

propagande 

Ajlco 

•+ 

democratisation 

it jjlo 

circuit econoraique 

i^Ladil S jj$ 

etats multi nationaux 


etat social 


etat suicidaire 

jL>d)l iJj^ 

etat historique 

jlj i!_^ 

etat parti 


etat de droit 

(J>Jl Ajji 

etat autoritaire 

3 jjLi ob a] 

etat total 

s aJ aJ^J.5 

etat rationnel 

aJ*>Iap aJ ji 


331 



etat territorial 

ijjai 

etat totalitaire 

<J O 

44 *4 

etat nation 

j 

etatisation 


religion positive 


democratic plebiscitaire 


dette sociale 


sujet collectif 

4^c-Uj>- oIS 

44 4 

sujet politique 

•4 44 

sujet transcendantal 

<U [jCj* oli 

4* 

libre subjectivity 

44 " 4 *( * 

0 j>- OD 

emblematique 

L Sj*-* 

ligue des communistes 


capital variable 


capitalisme concurrents 

Lj I. 1 ) 

4* *• ^ 

capitalisme d’etat 


levier politique 

JL-U. iUil, 

** 4* ^ 

clerge 


retrograde 

44 

vouloir universel 

** 4 •* * 

V i 5 VO 

esprit objectif 


mystique de l’etat 


clientelisme 

VvJ 

causalite circulaire 

** ** 

44^/ *44 ♦ 


332 



polemique 

JUt-X 

sophistique 

lo ... 

pouvoir princier 

4j 1 AlaJLxO 

pouvoir gouvemementai 


pedantocratie 


contre pouvoir 

o^Ls^o a la 1 . *i 

pouvoir monarchique 

ISXo ikL- 

♦* 

autoritaire 


sociologie de domination 


souverainete 

++ 

domination variable 

A£* ^*<*>*A 0^Ji2xw^A> 

quasi politique 

L. j *• t 

m 

pseudo-critique 

<uJ> 

legitimation 


legitime 


legalite 


universalisation Active 

AytJbJ <UJ yt^jt 

chose publique/ respublica 

lyy** 

#* ** 

conflictualite 

ipiyj 

validite 


formules lapidaires 

** * *♦ * 

formules topiques 

A, * *■■/? ^yo 

regulation 

Jg-y? 

; • 

necessite transcendante 

4-JLjCU o jj jsJ? 


333 



oxymore 

i A 

strates 

oULl? 

♦ 

classe sociale 

*• • ♦ 

classe en soi 


classe pour soi 

cM 

nature morale 

* *• ♦ 

nature spirituelle 

<U>- 9 > 

nature relationnelle 

4 * •** 

tyrannie 


intrusif 

*4 

utopiste 

cAA 

phenomene 

o jJ&Ua 

contingent 

L5®> 

phenomenes organiques 

4j 

transnational 

jUsjbu 

transhistorique 


omniscient 

*A A 

cosmopolitisme 

4 Jlp 

«• 

populace 

,1 j 4^olp 

servitude generalisee 

4 * 4 * 

<tp j^P 

imperitie 


dispositif conceptuel 

4^0 0 AP 

dispositif theorique 

SJp 

ex nihilo 

*JIp 


334 



race ethnique 


petition 


dereliction 


organique 


ratio 

J4P 

rationalite calculatrice 

«• ♦ +* 

rationalite intrinseque 


rationalite politique 

4* M 4* 

rationalite liberate 

SJl _J 

44 4* 

rationalite immanente 


rationalisation 

idle- 

a contrario 


rapport de force 

0 jiJl 

raison suffisante 

<Lil5 5 JLp 
** 

science de la police 


science pratique 


sciences cameralistes 

*LoL*Jl iJUl j-o ^ jJLp 

universality 

io / iJ / A a4^^P 

hybris 

♦ 

mondialisation 


teleologique 

4* 

anomie 

0 u-jLp 

irreductible 

JiU ^ 

anomale 

^p 


335 



differentiel 


double ecart 


individualisme 


libre individuality 

o y>- ji 

separation des pouvoirs 

ollaJLJl 

juristes 

0 jjISJI 

ideel 


philosophic solidariste 

** 

philosophie de l’analogie 

iliUJl *LJU 

art de gouverner 


entendement 


supra - politique 

(jji 

** 

supra-individuel 

<j*j iiy 

en devenir 

** 

referable 

JuU 

viable 


capitaines d’industrie 

ibli 

omnipotent 


droit prive 

jjili 

loi souveraine 


juridico politique 

** 4* 

pre-politique 

ijv 

4* 

arrete 


fraction 

'^ nrLJ 


336 



puissance souveraine 

o J 

forces productives 


valeurs transcendantes 


valeurs criteriologiques 


chari smatique 

*+ 

etre collectif 


monolithique 


tout social 

J5 

«* 

totalite 

IaJS 

clerical 

<Jjr£ 

planetaire 

** 

commune de Paris 

bj*j$ 

entites abstraites 


etre generique 

** ♦ H • X 

anhistorique 

** 

depolitisation 


asymetrie radicale 

J5U: N 

irreversible 

<U3 4*>-j V 

impersonnel 

** 

decentralisation 


moment constructiviste 

* 

post-imperial 


post-romantique 


institutionnalisation 

* 


337 



essentialiste 


essence 

ijbLo 

+* 

ex abrupto 


principe de legalite 


principe a priori 

i-v 

contraste 


homogene 


correlatif 


synonymique 


continuum 


multilateral 

<. J .SJjCXa 

contradictoire 


auto genere/ sui generis 

L_Jli jJ jX* 

idealisme fervent 

5JtLo 

«• 

ideaux transcendants 


societes elementaires 

aJ jl 

conseil des lumieres 


sous ensemble 


anonyme 


argumentation 


conservateur 


immanence 

itj L>t^o 

*4 

bienfaiteur patriarcal 


collecteur central 



338 



publisciste 

pistil j jiUJl ^ 

doctrines philosophiques 

** * 

doctrinal 

L f*** 

plaidoirie 

jA 

rentabilite 

Ajiji jA 

centralisation 


amphibologique 


adjuvant/ subsidiaire 


egalite 

oljLww* 

usufruitier 

*♦ 

postulats substantialistes 


postulat 


participation civique 

ij J l« jLZ*a 

legislateur 

tr* 

legitimite 


faux probleme 


terminologique 

jo^oa 

prejudiciable 

jJxa 

absolus 

oULUa* 

savoir de soi 

Ollil 43 yu> 

intelligible 

(J jAjia 

critere devaluation 


normativisme juridique 

ajl3 Aj 

S «* _/ *• > M 

paradoxe 

«•(* | * 
AS j\Aa 


339 



concept 


notion 


approche empirique 


entrepreneur 

(J oULa 

presuppose 


presuppose abstrait 


presupposes normatifs 

Aj jLjco pi • 

categories conceptuelles 


categorie 

SJ ym 

lieu de juridiction 


lieu de veridiction 


lieu de verification et de falsification 


enonces juridiques 

io y U ya\j* 

monarchic constitutionnelle 

4j J 

propriete privee 

aSIa 

V* 

monarchie pure 

4vaJl>- A^JLo 

monarchic absolue 

4^JLLu a^5sJLj 

tangible 


objective 

♦ 

pour soi 

cli >1 

anti teleologique 


spore 

1 1 ,^,^ 

attendus 

ol ^]a^4 

naturalisation 

/L~^\ y 


340 



raison de l’etat 


professionnalisation 


trade-unioniste 

♦♦ 

citoyennete 


citoyennete sociale 


citoyennete politique 


thematisation conceptuelle 


institutions civiles 

JLa 

institution policiere 


institution de bienfaisance 

* * ** ^ 

&i+**i*A ^A 

journalier 


metaphysique simplificatrice 

t liAj 

#• M * - 

pacte social 

^U^-l Jlij* 

charte constitutionnelle 

<3^* 

herault 

JiU 

noblesse 

sju 

carrierisme 

trf* 

denationalisation 

iJ? jjl iivall 

deracialiser 

^Lk3i 

parlemenentarisme 

iJlJjj AS-J 

naturalisme 

AP b 

liberalisme 


essentialisme 

4j aJbL» AP b 

maturation 



341 



regime protecteur 

1 

theorie de justice 


theorie critique 

4jJUsj Aj jllj 

utilitariste 

• ♦ 

•• 

deportation 

• * 

incompletude 


idealisation 


uniformite gregaire 

Aj wLa**^^* A.h.Ij? ^ i) 

+* ** 

ideal-type 


destructuration 

A 

identitaire 

M 

identite 

hy b 

identite nationale 

#+ t H 

AXJ^j A jj A 

corps administratif 

Aj )bl AX*A 

Tiers - etat 


corps intermediate 

■4 la — >/ a 4jt«A 

imperatif politique 


realite spirituelle 

LS^JJ £f l J 

fait historique 

is>tJ jlj 4*9lj 

fait democratique 

Lkl i*S ! J 

pai'en 

tt 

etre-la 

La 

union sacree 


mediatique 



342 



moyens de communication 
positivite 

conscience collective 
conscience de soi 
allegeance personnelle 
fiction du consensus 




iJuwsj 

** 

olU! 


** 


343 




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